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The most important damage mechanisms in FRP laminates are delamination, fibre breakage, fibre pull-out and matrix crack propagation. A common method of evaluating interlaminar fracture toughness is via single impact IFT tests. It is well established that as the length of the normal crack before impact increases, the IFT also increases. However, the relationship between crack length and IFT is not linear, and this nonlinearity is almost certainly due to the effect of the matrix. The relationship between crack length and IFT can be described by a power law (Equation 1), which differs from that for other types of materials [55]. In theory, the crack length should be proportional to the square root of the IFT for the power law to hold. In practice, this relationship is not strong, and IFT and crack length are strongly affected by the material properties, especially the matrix, and the loading conditions. An excellent example is that the IFT of glass/epoxy glass laminates is around two times higher than that predicted from the IFT of a rigid glass [56], and that the effect of the matrix on the crack length/IFT relationship is very strong in carbon/epoxy glass laminates [57]. As a result, a number of recent studies have utilised modified crack length criteria to achieve better results [58, 59]. Crack growth resistance curves are also often used, which describe the crack growth resistance of the material as a function of crack length. These studies have demonstrated that fracture toughness of FRPs is improved by using high modulus resin materials [60] and by improving the fibre/matrix interaction through the addition of chemical tougheners and interfacial strengthening agents [61]. Although these studies have demonstrated the effect of matrix toughening, the effect of tougheners added to the resin matrix is not always effective [62]. This may explain why the fracture toughness of a number of multidirectional composite laminates is found to be lower than that of unidirectional composites [63].
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